What is the specific MRV process according to the guidance of the Ministry of Agriculture and Environment?

The Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) process in Vietnam, as defined by recent decrees and coordinated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Environment, is a structured, multi-layered system. It consists of three primary stages:

Stage 1: Measurement

The initial stage of Measurement is the direct responsibility of the enterprise. Throughout the annual reporting period, from January 1 to December 31, companies must systematically collect, monitor, and store activity data relevant to their GHG emissions, such as fuel consumption, electricity usage, input materials, or the number of livestock. The calculation requires the application of appropriate emission factors, which must be selected according to a strict order of priority: first, a facility-specific factor if one has been developed and recognized; second, a national factor from the official database published by MONRE; and third, a default factor from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) if the others are unavailable. Emissions are then calculated using the standard formula (GHG Emissions = Activity Data × Emission Factor), and the entire process must adhere to the specific technical guidelines issued by the relevant line ministries for each sector.

Stage 2: Reporting

The Reporting stage formalizes this data into a standardized national workflow that moves from the local to the national level. At the facility level, enterprises must prepare the "Report on GHG Emission Mitigation" using the official Form No. 02 found in Appendix III of Decree No. 06/2022/ND-CP; this report integrates the results of the GHG inventory with information on any mitigation activities undertaken. By March 31st of the following year, this report is submitted to the provincial-level People's Committee (PPC) via the National Registry System. The PPC is responsible for receiving the reports, conducting a preliminary review for completeness, and aggregating the data from all facilities within its jurisdiction. Finally, by June 30th annually, each PPC submits its aggregated provincial report to Ministry. As the national focal point, Ministry synthesizes these reports along with those from line ministries to develop the National Synthesis Report, which is crucial for tracking progress toward Vietnam's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and fulfilling its international reporting obligations.

Stage 3: Verification

The final stage, Verification, ensures the accuracy and reliability of the reported data through several layers of review. This begins with internal verification, where enterprises must implement their own Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) procedures before submission, followed by an administrative review for completeness by the receiving PPC. For any data intended for market-based activities, such as allocating emission quotas, trading allowances, or issuing carbon credits, mandatory third-party verification is required. The verification must be conducted by an independent body licensed according to national regulations; notably, these regulations were simplified by Decree No. 119/2025/ND-CP to encourage greater participation from domestic verification organizations. At the highest level, Ministry will establish an Appraisal Council to evaluate the national and sectoral synthesis reports. This council's appraisal ensures national-level data integrity before the reports are officially published or used in international communications.