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Design","/en/part-4-tools-training-and-technical-support-for-smes/which-universities-and-non-governmental-organizations-ngos-can-support-smes-in-designing-or-veri","en/04.part-4-tools-training-and-technical-support-for-smes/07.which-universities-and-non-governmental-organizations-ngos-can-support-smes-in-designing-or-veri",{"title":237,"path":238,"stem":239,"index":132},"Vietnam Carbon Market Policy Updates | MONRE, VCCI, VBCSD Sources","/en/part-4-tools-training-and-technical-support-for-smes/how-can-businesses-regularly-update-new-policies-regarding-the-carbon-market-in-vietnam","en/04.part-4-tools-training-and-technical-support-for-smes/08.how-can-businesses-regularly-update-new-policies-regarding-the-carbon-market-in-vietnam",{"title":241,"path":242,"stem":243,"index":137},"PPP Models for SME Carbon Projects | Vietnam Examples","/en/part-4-tools-training-and-technical-support-for-smes/what-existing-public-private-partnership-ppp-models-help-smes-implement-carbon-projects","en/04.part-4-tools-training-and-technical-support-for-smes/09.what-existing-public-private-partnership-ppp-models-help-smes-implement-carbon-projects",{"title":245,"icon":6,"items":246,"path":257,"stem":258,"children":259,"page":6},"PART 5: RISK GOVERNANCE, TRANSPARENCY, AND GOOD PRACTICES",[247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256],"01.how-to-avoid-greenwashing-and-ensure-project-credibility","02.what-is-the-criterion-for-assessing-additionality-in-a-project","03.what-happens-if-a-project-fails-to-achieve-the-committed-emission-reduction-targets","04.how-to-control-the-risk-of-leakage-and-ensure-permanence","05.what-is-vietnam-doing-to-prevent-double-counting","06.how-should-sme-businesses-react-if-ets-regulations-change-suddenly","07.what-mechanisms-ensure-transparency-when-registering-and-trading-carbon-credits","08.how-to-demonstrate-co-benefits-social-ecosystem-to-attract-investors","09.what-governance-principles-should-smes-follow-to-ensure-transparency-throughout-the-entire-cycle","10.transparency-governance-checklist-for-smes-participating-in-the-carbon-market","/en/part-5-risk-governance-transparency-and-good-practices","en/05.part-5-risk-governance-transparency-and-good-practices",[260,264,268,272,276,280,284,288,292,296],{"title":261,"path":262,"stem":263,"index":97},"Avoid Greenwashing and Ensure Project Credibility | MRV Framework Vietnam","/en/part-5-risk-governance-transparency-and-good-practices/how-to-avoid-greenwashing-and-ensure-project-credibility","en/05.part-5-risk-governance-transparency-and-good-practices/01.how-to-avoid-greenwashing-and-ensure-project-credibility",{"title":265,"path":266,"stem":267,"index":102},"Additionality Assessment in Vietnam | Project Credibility Criteria","/en/part-5-risk-governance-transparency-and-good-practices/what-is-the-criterion-for-assessing-additionality-in-a-project","en/05.part-5-risk-governance-transparency-and-good-practices/02.what-is-the-criterion-for-assessing-additionality-in-a-project",{"title":269,"path":270,"stem":271,"index":107},"Project Target Failure Consequences | Credit Issuance Vietnam","/en/part-5-risk-governance-transparency-and-good-practices/what-happens-if-a-project-fails-to-achieve-the-committed-emission-reduction-targets","en/05.part-5-risk-governance-transparency-and-good-practices/03.what-happens-if-a-project-fails-to-achieve-the-committed-emission-reduction-targets",{"title":273,"path":274,"stem":275,"index":112},"Leakage Control and Permanence | Vietnam AFOLU Project Measures","/en/part-5-risk-governance-transparency-and-good-practices/how-to-control-the-risk-of-leakage-and-ensure-permanence","en/05.part-5-risk-governance-transparency-and-good-practices/04.how-to-control-the-risk-of-leakage-and-ensure-permanence",{"title":277,"path":278,"stem":279,"index":117},"Vietnam Double Counting Prevention | MRV Registry and Article 6","/en/part-5-risk-governance-transparency-and-good-practices/what-is-vietnam-doing-to-prevent-double-counting","en/05.part-5-risk-governance-transparency-and-good-practices/05.what-is-vietnam-doing-to-prevent-double-counting",{"title":281,"path":282,"stem":283,"index":122},"ETS Regulation Changes | SME Response Strategy Vietnam","/en/part-5-risk-governance-transparency-and-good-practices/how-should-sme-businesses-react-if-ets-regulations-change-suddenly","en/05.part-5-risk-governance-transparency-and-good-practices/06.how-should-sme-businesses-react-if-ets-regulations-change-suddenly",{"title":285,"path":286,"stem":287,"index":127},"Transparency Mechanisms Vietnam Carbon Credits | HNX Exchange and MRV Registry","/en/part-5-risk-governance-transparency-and-good-practices/what-mechanisms-ensure-transparency-when-registering-and-trading-carbon-credits","en/05.part-5-risk-governance-transparency-and-good-practices/07.what-mechanisms-ensure-transparency-when-registering-and-trading-carbon-credits",{"title":289,"path":290,"stem":291,"index":132},"Demonstrate Co-Benefits | Attract Investors Vietnam Carbon Projects","/en/part-5-risk-governance-transparency-and-good-practices/how-to-demonstrate-co-benefits-social-ecosystem-to-attract-investors","en/05.part-5-risk-governance-transparency-and-good-practices/08.how-to-demonstrate-co-benefits-social-ecosystem-to-attract-investors",{"title":293,"path":294,"stem":295,"index":137},"SME Governance Principles | Vietnam Carbon Market Transparency","/en/part-5-risk-governance-transparency-and-good-practices/what-governance-principles-should-smes-follow-to-ensure-transparency-throughout-the-entire-cycle","en/05.part-5-risk-governance-transparency-and-good-practices/09.what-governance-principles-should-smes-follow-to-ensure-transparency-throughout-the-entire-cycle",{"title":297,"path":298,"stem":299,"index":68},"SME Carbon Market Checklist | Vietnam Transparency Governance","/en/part-5-risk-governance-transparency-and-good-practices/transparency-governance-checklist-for-smes-participating-in-the-carbon-market","en/05.part-5-risk-governance-transparency-and-good-practices/10.transparency-governance-checklist-for-smes-participating-in-the-carbon-market",{"title":301,"icon":6,"items":302,"path":310,"stem":311,"children":312,"page":6},"PART 6: INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE",[303,304,305,306,307,308,309],"01.globally-what-models-or-strategies-have-small-and-medium-manufacturing-enterprises-in-the-steel","02.globally-what-models-and-strategies-have-businesses-in-the-logistics-distribution-and-warehousin","03.internationally-what-solutions-have-small-and-medium-sized-commercial-buildings-and-real-estate","04.what-cultivation-or-forest-management-models-have-helped-international-agriculture-and-forestry","05.at-the-international-level-what-are-the-business-models-of-companies-providing-esg-consulting-se","06.have-any-countries-successfully-organized-and-implemented-a-collective-carbon-project-model-invo","07.how-do-international-businesses-overcome-the-barrier-of-lacking-internal-technical-capacity-for","/en/part-6-international-experience","en/06.part-6-international-experience",[313,317,321,325,329,333,337],{"title":314,"path":315,"stem":316,"index":97},"Global Steel/Cement SME Emissions Reduction | Carbon Credit Projects","/en/part-6-international-experience/globally-what-models-or-strategies-have-small-and-medium-manufacturing-enterprises-in-the-steel","en/06.part-6-international-experience/01.globally-what-models-or-strategies-have-small-and-medium-manufacturing-enterprises-in-the-steel",{"title":318,"path":319,"stem":320,"index":102},"Global Logistics Emissions Reduction | Route Optimization and EV Fleet","/en/part-6-international-experience/globally-what-models-and-strategies-have-businesses-in-the-logistics-distribution-and-warehousin","en/06.part-6-international-experience/02.globally-what-models-and-strategies-have-businesses-in-the-logistics-distribution-and-warehousin",{"title":322,"path":323,"stem":324,"index":107},"Global Commercial Buildings Emissions | LED Lighting and Smart BMS Solutions","/en/part-6-international-experience/internationally-what-solutions-have-small-and-medium-sized-commercial-buildings-and-real-estate","en/06.part-6-international-experience/03.internationally-what-solutions-have-small-and-medium-sized-commercial-buildings-and-real-estate",{"title":326,"path":327,"stem":328,"index":112},"Global Agroforestry Models | Sustainable Forest Management and REDD+","/en/part-6-international-experience/what-cultivation-or-forest-management-models-have-helped-international-agriculture-and-forestry","en/06.part-6-international-experience/04.what-cultivation-or-forest-management-models-have-helped-international-agriculture-and-forestry",{"title":330,"path":331,"stem":332,"index":117},"Global ESG Consulting Business Models | Carbon Market Services","/en/part-6-international-experience/at-the-international-level-what-are-the-business-models-of-companies-providing-esg-consulting-se","en/06.part-6-international-experience/05.at-the-international-level-what-are-the-business-models-of-companies-providing-esg-consulting-se",{"title":334,"path":335,"stem":336,"index":122},"Collective Carbon Projects | Family Forest Program and Cookstove Models","/en/part-6-international-experience/have-any-countries-successfully-organized-and-implemented-a-collective-carbon-project-model-invo","en/06.part-6-international-experience/06.have-any-countries-successfully-organized-and-implemented-a-collective-carbon-project-model-invo",{"title":338,"path":339,"stem":340,"index":127},"Overcome MRV Technical Capacity | ESG Consulting and Software Solutions","/en/part-6-international-experience/how-do-international-businesses-overcome-the-barrier-of-lacking-internal-technical-capacity-for","en/06.part-6-international-experience/07.how-do-international-businesses-overcome-the-barrier-of-lacking-internal-technical-capacity-for",{"title":342,"path":343,"stem":344},"About Us","/en/about-us","en/about-us",{"id":346,"title":94,"body":347,"description":706,"extension":707,"links":708,"meta":709,"navigation":710,"path":95,"seo":711,"stem":96,"__hash__":721},"docs_en/en/02.part-2-from-emission-calculation-to-implementation-of-emission-reduction-projects/01.how-does-an-sme-calculate-its-total-greenhouse-gas-emissions-carbon-footprint.md",{"type":348,"value":349,"toc":694},"minimark",[350,355,359,383,386,391,394,399,402,406,409,413,416,423,547,560,564,567,574,578,581,585,588,595,598,608,612],[351,352,354],"h1",{"id":353},"how-does-an-sme-calculate-its-total-greenhouse-gas-emissions-carbon-footprint","How does an SME calculate its total greenhouse gas emissions (carbon footprint)?",[356,357,358],"p",{},"To navigate emerging regulations like the EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) and participate effectively in the carbon market, the first essential step for any enterprise is to establish a comprehensive Greenhouse Gas (GHG) inventory. This process, often called calculating a corporate carbon footprint, provides the foundational data for all climate-related action.",[356,360,361,362,366,367,370,371,374,375,378,379,382],{},"In Vietnam, the calculation of facility-level GHG emissions is guided by Decree No. 06/2022/ND-CP",[363,364,365],"span",{},"26",", as amended and supplemented by Decree No. 119/2025/ND-CP",[363,368,369],{},"27",", along with technical guidance in Circular No. 17/2022/TT-BTNMT",[363,372,373],{},"28",". These domestic regulations are complemented by international standards such as the GHG Protocol",[363,376,377],{},"29"," and TCVN ISO 14064-1:2018",[363,380,381],{},"30"," to ensure consistency and global recognition.",[356,384,385],{},"The process typically includes four key steps:",[387,388,390],"h2",{"id":389},"step-1-define-operational-boundaries-and-classify-emission-sources","Step 1: Define operational boundaries and classify emission sources",[356,392,393],{},"An enterprise must first define its operational boundaries to identify all activities that produce GHG emissions. These sources are then categorized into three internationally recognized \"scopes\" to prevent double counting and provide a clear picture of the company's climate impact:",[395,396,398],"h3",{"id":397},"scope-1-direct-emissions","Scope 1: Direct emissions",[356,400,401],{},"Direct emissions from activities owned or controlled by the enterprise, such as fuel combustion in trucks, machinery, boilers, or refrigerant leakage from air conditioners.",[395,403,405],{"id":404},"scope-2-indirect-emissions","Scope 2: Indirect emissions",[356,407,408],{},"Indirect emissions from the use of purchased energy such as electricity, steam, or heat (e.g., electricity purchased from EVN).",[395,410,412],{"id":411},"scope-3-other-indirect-emissions","Scope 3: Other indirect emissions",[356,414,415],{},"Other indirect emissions outside the direct control of the enterprise, such as emissions from suppliers, outsourced transportation, business travel, waste disposal, or the use of products after consumption.",[356,417,418],{},[419,420],"img",{"alt":421,"src":422},"A diagram of a process  AI-generated content may be incorrect.","data:image/png;base64...",[424,425,426,445],"table",{},[427,428,429],"thead",{},[430,431,432,436,439,442],"tr",{},[433,434,435],"th",{},"Criteria",[433,437,438],{},"Scope 1 - Direct emissions",[433,440,441],{},"Scope 2 - Indirect emissions from Purchased energy",[433,443,444],{},"Scope 3 - Other indirect emissions from Value chain",[446,447,448,463,477,491,505,519,533],"tbody",{},[430,449,450,454,457,460],{},[451,452,453],"td",{},"Definition",[451,455,456],{},"GHGs generated directly from company-controlled activities.",[451,458,459],{},"GHGs generated indirectly from the use of purchased energy (electricity, steam, heat, cooling).",[451,461,462],{},"All other indirect emissions arising throughout the value chain (upstream and downstream).",[430,464,465,468,471,474],{},[451,466,467],{},"Location of Emissions",[451,469,470],{},"On-site (within company facilities).",[451,472,473],{},"Off-site, as a result of purchased energy.",[451,475,476],{},"Outside internal operations, across the entire value chain.",[430,478,479,482,485,488],{},[451,480,481],{},"Level of Control",[451,483,484],{},"High - directly measurable and controllable.",[451,486,487],{},"Medium - depends on energy supplier choice.",[451,489,490],{},"Low to medium - requires cooperation and data from partners.",[430,492,493,496,499,502],{},[451,494,495],{},"Main Emissions Sources",[451,497,498],{},"• On-site fuel combustion (coal, oil, natural gas)  • Company-owned vehicles  • Industrial processes (CO₂, N₂O, etc.)  • Refrigerant leaks (HFCs)",[451,500,501],{},"• Purchased electricity from grid  • Purchased steam, heat, or cooling",[451,503,504],{},"• Purchased goods and services  • Upstream logistics  • Business travel and commuting  • Product use and disposal  • Investments, franchises, leased assets",[430,506,507,510,513,516],{},[451,508,509],{},"Measurement Method",[451,511,512],{},"Direct measurement or fuel-based calculation.",[451,514,515],{},"Two approaches:  • Location-based: uses the average grid emission factor.  • Market-based: uses supplier-specific factors.",[451,517,518],{},"Indirect estimation via:  • Supply chain data  • Industry emission factors  • Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)",[430,520,521,524,527,530],{},[451,522,523],{},"Transparency & Control",[451,525,526],{},"High – data readily available.",[451,528,529],{},"Medium – must disclose both calculation methods.",[451,531,532],{},"Low to medium – depends on supply chain transparency.",[430,534,535,538,541,544],{},[451,536,537],{},"Typical Emission Share",[451,539,540],{},"~10-15% of total company emissions.",[451,542,543],{},"~10-20% depending on electricity source.",[451,545,546],{},"Up to 70-80% in sectors such as textiles, food, retail, electronics.",[356,548,549,556,557],{},[550,551,552],"em",{},[553,554,555],"strong",{},"Table 4:"," ",[550,558,559],{},"Comparison of Emission Scopes",[387,561,563],{"id":562},"step-2-select-and-collect-activity-data-for-the-facility-level-ghg-inventory","Step 2: Select and collect activity data for the facility-level GHG inventory",[356,565,566],{},"Enterprises should compile quantitative data on emission-related activities within a reporting period (typically one year). Data sources may include fuel invoices and electricity bills, equipment operation logs and maintenance records, accounting and transportation documentations, or water and material consumption reports.",[356,568,569,570,573],{},"For the waste management sector, Circular 17/2022/TT-BTNMT",[363,571,572],{},"31"," specifically requires indicators such as volume of municipal solid waste, volume of wastewater, and applied treatment technologies.",[387,575,577],{"id":576},"step-3-select-appropriate-emission-factors","Step 3: Select appropriate emission factors",[356,579,580],{},"Each emission source corresponds to a specific CO₂e emission factor. Companies can refer to: (1) The National Emission Factor Database, to be issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Environment (as per the revised regulations in Decree 119/2025/ND-CP); (2) The IPCC 2006/2019 Guidelines; or (3) The GHG Protocol Emission Factor Database (if national factors are unavailable).",[387,582,584],{"id":583},"step-4-calculate-facility-level-greenhouse-gas-emissions","Step 4: Calculate facility-level greenhouse gas emissions",[356,586,587],{},"The standard formula applied is:",[356,589,590],{},[550,591,592],{},[553,593,594],{},"GHG Emissions (tonnes CO₂e) = Activity Data × Emission Factor",[356,596,597],{},"The emissions from all activities are then summed across all three scopes to determine the company's total annual carbon footprint. This final figure is essential for setting internal reduction targets, developing credible carbon credit projects, and complying with regulatory mechanisms like CBAM or Vietnam’s upcoming ETS.",[356,599,600,601,604,605],{},"To simplify the process, SMEs can use GHG calculation tools, such as GHG Protocol Calculation Tools",[363,602,603],{},"32",", or SIMAP (from the University of New Hampshire).",[363,606,607],{},"33",[387,609,611],{"id":610},"references","References",[613,614,616,629,640,649,659,668,675,684],"ol",{"start":615},26,[617,618,619,620,556,623],"li",{},"The Government of Vietnam. (2022). Decree No. 06/2022/NĐ-CP on mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and protection of the ozone layer. ",[550,621,622],{},"Thư viện pháp luật.",[624,625,626],"a",{"href":626,"rel":627},"https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/EN/Tai-nguyen-Moi-truong/Decree-06-2022-ND-CP-mitigation-of-green-house-gas-emissions/503148/tieng-anh.aspx",[628],"nofollow",[617,630,631,632,635,636],{},"The Government of Vietnam. (2025).Decree on amendmdouble-countingents to certain Articles of Decree No. 06/2022/ND-CP dated January 07, 2022 of the Government on green house gas (GHG) emission mitigation and ozone layer protection. ",[550,633,634],{},"Thư viện pháp luật",". ",[624,637,638],{"href":638,"rel":639},"https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Tai-nguyen-Moi-truong/Decree-119-2025-ND-CP-amendments-to-certain-articles-of-Decree-06-2022-ND-CP-661711.aspx?tab=1",[628],[617,641,642,643,556,645],{},"Ministry of Agriculture and Environment. (2022). Circular No. 17/2022/TT‑BTNMT of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, regulating technical measurement, reporting and appraisal of GHG emission mitigation and GHG inventory in the waste management sector. ",[550,644,622],{},[624,646,647],{"href":647,"rel":648},"https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/tai-nguyen-moi-truong/Thong-tu-17-2022-TT-BTNM-ky-thuat-do-dac-bao-cao-tham-dinh-giam-nhe-phat-thai-khi-nha-kinh-547764.aspx",[628],[617,650,651,652,556,655],{},"Greenhouse Gas Protocol. (2013). Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard (Revised Edition). ",[550,653,654],{},"Greenhouse Gas Protocol.",[624,656,657],{"href":657,"rel":658},"https://ghgprotocol.org/corporate-standard",[628],[617,660,661,662,556,664],{},"Vietnam Standards and Quality Institute. (2018). CVN ISO 14064-1:2018 - Greenhouse gases - Part 1: Specification with guidance at the organization level for quantification and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions and removals. ",[550,663,622],{},[624,665,666],{"href":666,"rel":667},"https://thuvienphapluat.vn/TCVN/Tai-nguyen-Moi-truong/TCVN-ISO-14064-1-2025-ISO-14064-1-2018-Khi-nha-kinh-Phan-1-loai-bo-khi-nha-kinh-921621.aspx",[628],[617,669,642,670,556,672],{},[550,671,622],{},[624,673,647],{"href":647,"rel":674},[628],[617,676,677,678,556,680],{},"Greenhouse Gas Protocol. (n.d.). Calculation Tools and Guidance. ",[550,679,654],{},[624,681,682],{"href":682,"rel":683},"https://ghgprotocol.org/calculation-tools-and-guidance",[628],[617,685,686,687,556,690],{},"SIMAP | The Sustainability Institute at the University of New Hampshire. (n.d.). Home | SIMAP. ",[550,688,689],{},"SIMAP.",[624,691,692],{"href":692,"rel":693},"https://unhsimap.org/home",[628],{"title":695,"searchDepth":102,"depth":102,"links":696},"",[697,702,703,704,705],{"id":389,"depth":102,"text":390,"children":698},[699,700,701],{"id":397,"depth":107,"text":398},{"id":404,"depth":107,"text":405},{"id":411,"depth":107,"text":412},{"id":562,"depth":102,"text":563},{"id":576,"depth":102,"text":577},{"id":583,"depth":102,"text":584},{"id":610,"depth":102,"text":611},"Step-by-step guide for SMEs to calculate greenhouse gas emissions, including Scope 1, 2, and 3, following Vietnam regulations and international standards.","md",null,{},{"index":97},{"title":712,"description":713,"keywords":714},"How to Calculate Carbon Footprint for SMEs in Vietnam | GHG Inventory Guide","Learn how to calculate your SMEs greenhouse gas emissions with this step-by-step guide. Covers Scope 1, 2, 3, emission factors, and compliance with Vietnam regulations.",[715,716,717,718,719,720],"greenhouse gas accounting","MRV system Vietnam","emission factors","carbon footprint calculation","scope 1 2 3 emissions","emission reduction projects","YKUToFagik6ns8dJcbVmS5UQrKIvmjDZam65cYFzcYk",[723,725],{"title":74,"path":75,"stem":76,"description":724,"children":-1},"Learn how Vietnam handles enterprises that exceed their permitted emission levels in the ETS. Understand allowance surrender requirements and potential penalties.",{"title":99,"path":100,"stem":101,"description":726,"index":102,"children":-1},"Guide to selecting appropriate emission factors for SMEs in Vietnam. Learn about official Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment factors and when to use international standards.",1774949988799]